Contemporary Perspectives of Learning and Development - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Perspectives of Learning and Development of Early Childhood. Answer: Image of Orphaned Children in Dickens Novels A Child as innocent. Children found in the Victorian areas as depicted by Dickens show an excellent example of theinnocent construct. He views them as helpless, vulnerable and in need of an adult protector. In Victoria, children suffer great tribulations such as child labour and death (Dutta, 2014). Childhood should be a time where children are allowed to play and enjoy their freedom while it lasts. Time and location influence the occurrence of these constructs. These children were born in a time where adults viewed them as a source of cheap labour. The leaders in the community believed that children had no right to an opinion making them defenseless to anything done to them. Image of Children as Damaged Child as evil. Children in this construct get influenced by their demonic desires rather than the appropriatebehaviours. In the Lord of Flies novel, children carry out activities that are beasty in a way in the eyes of the adults. Adults in this construct appear as responsible and morally upright individuals that have a responsibility to shape the childrens behaviours (Sorin Galloway, 2006). Loss of values in a society is a contextual factor that may play a significant part in producing evil children. Image of Spoilt Children Snowballing child. In this construct, children are seen to possess more authority than the adults. This authority enables them to get whatever they may need or carry out any activities they may want (Sorin Galloway, 2006). Adultappears as irresponsible and neglecting. In the ecological theory by Bronfenbrenner, the mesosystem contextual factor such as tightworking schedules may be the reason why adults lack time to focus on their children. Due to this impact, these children gain control of their parents. Image of Dictatorial Children Out of control child. This construct displays a child that has gained total control of their parents making adults in this construct appear powerless. They use these power in a negative way such as faking harm by their parents as a way of eliminating their influence (Sorin Galloway, 2006). Such behaviours may be as a result of social impact by other people either in the family or school. The Image of Children as Cute Children as commodities. In this construct, they appear as objects of endearment to both men and women. Adults display a sense of ownership, care, and love. They believe that a child does not have any power to deny the affection from the caregivers. They refer to the children as cute because of different attributes such as innocence, self-independence, and determination (Holt, 2012). However, the adults blinded thought of love makes them not to realize their attraction to the children is away of helping them mask their desperation and fear as they observe these babies. The belief that children are cute due to their innocence and behaviours has remained unchanged over the years. Every new generation adopts this culture of viewing children as objects from the previous beliefs. Introduction Childhood is the most crucial stage of a person as it determines the virtues that the child will develop in future hence, making it a necessity to study the social constructs. Similarities between the different constructs One fundamental similarity to note is thatlocation influences the occurrence of innocence and evil constructs mentioned above. For instance, in the innocence construct, Dickens says that during his childhood, London was under enormous problems such as slavery and poverty (Dutta, 2014). For this reason, children in Victoria worked to provide cheap labour. From the above illustration, it is clear that the location of Dickens at that time was the main reason that he had to experience those tough times. Children that lived in a different country during the same time did not experience such tribulations ((Dutta, 2014). Similarly, originality of a child may influence their behavioursregarding the evil construct. Some societies are very strict regardingsuitableclothing that they reprimand children who wear inappropriately. Their reason for scolding them is because the children display an evil attribute in them. However, in some areas, such rules may not strictly apply. For example, there ar e places where a boy child is not allowed to keep long hairs because he displays an immoral character. In other areas, parents may be accepting of suchbehaviour since they view it differently. Out of control and snowballing childhood constructs have a similarity in that they are both influenced by ecological context. The latter has various systems namely microsystem, macrosystem, mesosystem and time (Krishnan, 2010). First, microsystem affects the childrens mentality which reveals its impact on them to an adult. For example, snowballing children may be as a result of aweak relationship in the family. The unavailability of a parent in a home may cause a child to gain more control over the absent parent. This control occurs when a parent tries to compensate for the time lost in the family through gifts and freedom to the child (Sorin Galloway, 2006). When the child realizes that the parent is putting a lot of pressure on compensation, they may decide to use this opportunity for their gains. They may make continuously demand different items from their parent which progressively reduces the power of a parent. Similarly, children may experience tough moments in their homes such as family conflicts. If a child happens to observe such disputes occurring, they may grow an attitude of hate towards one of their parents. They may then use it as a weapon against the parent by threatening to take various actions. If such a family settled problems in the absence of the child, the number of out of control children would have reduced. Similarity also occurs among cute, innocence, and spoiled childhood constructs since they are all affected by time. The first construct is that of innocence. During the era of Dickens, child labour was prominent in the region of Victoria as compared to the current day. It is evident that time change has helped reduce the chances of child involvement in work through ashift in perspective (Montgomery, 2008). Therefore, a construct may prove useful at one time and less efficient at the other. In addition, time also affects how an adult views children regarding age. During the young years, parents see them as cute vulnerable and innocent (DistinctiveVoicesBC, 2011). Therefore, they may become too much lenient to a point where they end up spoiling the child. For instance, due to their image of a child as a source of love, they can provide them with items every time the child demands something, which may end up creating a spoilt child in the end. More importantly, time is a critical factor because it dictates when to hold the child with leniency and when to scold them (Montgomery, 2008). It is clear that time dramatically influences the mentioned constructs and also helps bring them together. Both innocence and evil constructs depend on the culture of a particular society. In some countries, the useof achildforlabourpurposes does not fit into the category of child abuse. These parents assume that it is the role of each member of the society to take part in helping their home. Thus they dismiss some aspects of innocence context. However, other countries will view this act as child labour and may request the action of the government to protect the children (Rogoff, 2003). Therefore, culture appears to influence the take on theinnocence of children differently (James James, 2008). Similarly, theevil construct is also affected by culture. Some communities view some dressing codes such as short skirts very inappropriate whereas other people may not have the same opinion (Brooker Woodhead, 2010). Thus, the view of anevil child does not fit in all societies. Any person that is interested in scolding a child because of a particular issue should first take into consideration the cultural origin of the child. Comparison and Contrast of Impacts Due to Different Constructs Some constructs bring about strengthening of bonds between parents and children while others weaken it. Similar impacts may occurbetween parents and children in some constructs. For instance, innocence and cute constructs display an image of pity, vulnerability, and needfulness. These traits may influence their parents to be more protective, caring and tolerant of their children, which may create a warm relationship between the two parties (Robinson Jones, 2005). If a parent realizes that their children are suffering from a particular ailment, they tend to increase their concern for the child as a way of strengthening the bond during those challenging time. Some people also view children as commodities of love who require all the affection they can get. Therefore, they may end up showing traits such as love towards the children.However, not all impacts improve the bond between the parents and the children. When parents realize that their children are getting spoilt in their presence , they may regulate their affection and leniency towards them. This reduction in attention may negatively affect children since they end up losing their regular items (Sorin, R. 2005). In addition, if the parent decides to punish a child because of their wrongdoings, they may end up hating their parent instead. This scenario applies to both evil and out of control constructs because they both fail to observe the required behaviour measures. Contrast among the Different Constructs There also exists some contrast between the five different constructs. One of the first difference observable between the groups is the manner in which an adult views the children in the various contexts. For example, in the context of innocence, the adults see the children as vulnerable, incompetent and helpless hence, requiring their attention. On the other hand, cute construct displays children as objects requiring love. They find them adorable, determined but dependent (Bowes, Grace Hodge, 2012). The childrens determination reminded the adults of their younger years when they faced similar challenges. Those memories are the reason why they strive to protect the children. For the case of out of control children, adults regard them negatively as violent, mischievous, and danger to their future. They see spoilt children as overly controlling and demanding causing them to decrease the bonding. Finally, for evil children, adults perceive them as threats to themselves and the society (Bowes, Grace Hodge, 2012). At times, cases occur such as when one child beats the other during an argument. Such children will face severe action from both the school and the parent. The overall impact will be reducing love and care while replacing it with regular punishment to rectify the behaviour. Lastly, the contrast in the future effect of different constructs should be studied. In most cases, the nature and behaviours of an adult are usually dependent on the childhood experiences. First, consider the scenario of an innocent child that undergoes torture during child labour in the hands of authorities at the time. When such a child grows up, they will have anegative opinion towards any person in an official post (James, A James, 2008). Such people are likely to cause harm to innocent federal agents. In addition, when spoilt children fail to rectify their behaviours, they may end up destroying their lives in future due to too much freedom. When they were children, they depended on their parents to satisfy their needs. However, in their adult age, they have no one to depend causing desperation and increased chances of suicide. On the other hand, some of theuncontrollable and evil children may end up getting violent in the future. These behaviours are usually present because th e thought of doing evil and getting away with it has stuck in their minds. Some of them engage in these activities just to satisfy their need to harm others (James James, 2008). It is crucial to note that these adverse impacts only happen if an individual fails to change during their childhood ages. A child that heeds the advice of their adult parent will have a low chance of adapting the negative traits. Conclusion To sum up, learning of these constructs, their similarities, contrast, and impacts will enable parents tofocus more on the needs of children and the appropriate ways to handle them. References Bowes, J., Grace, R., Hodge, K. (2012). Children, families and communities: Contexts and consequences. Brooker, L., Woodhead, M. (2010). Culture and learning. DistinctiveVoicesBC. (2011, December 22nd). How does childhood differ between Traditional Societies and Modern Societies? Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BvqOaWwLtjo Dutta, A. (2014). Children in Dickens novels.International Journal of Studies in English Language and Literature (IJSELL),2(2), 1-4. Holt, John. (2012).The Cuteness Syndrome. Holt, John, (1stEds), Escape From Childhood: The Needs and Rights of Children. James, A., James, A. (2008). Key concepts in childhood studies. UK: Sage. Pg. 14-16 Krishnan, V. (2010, May). Early child development: A conceptual model. InEarly Childhood Council Annual Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand. Montgomery, H. (2008).An introduction to childhood: Anthropological perspectives on children's lives. John Wiley Sons. Robinson, K., Jones Diaz, C. (2005).Diversity and Difference in Early Childhood Education: Issues For Theory and Practice: n/a. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Rogoff, B. (2003).The cultural nature of human development. Oxford University Press. Sorin, R. (2005).Changing images of childhood: Reconceptualising early childhood practice. Faculty of Education, University of Melbourne. Sorin, R., Galloway, G. (2006). Constructs of childhood: Constructs of self.Children Australia,31(2), 12-21.